Wednesday, October 30, 2019

Conduct an external environment analysis for a company (tesco) of your Essay

Conduct an external environment analysis for a company (tesco) of your choice assessing the impact of the external environment o - Essay Example Current paper focuses on the examination of the potential impact of the external environment on the HR policies of a well-known firm in the British grocery industry: Sainsbury’s. The level at which the recession, and other elements of the firm’s external environment, have affected the organization’s HR policies are critically examined using appropriate literature. It is proved that, despite the market pressures, HR policies in Sainsbury’s have been slightly affected by the firm’s external environment, a fact that has been strongly related with the strategic choices of the organization’s leaders. 2. Sainsbury’s – interaction between the external environment and the firm’s HR policies Like all organizations, Sainsbury’s is also highly affected by its external environment. In fact, it could be stated that the external environment of the organization affects all aspects of the firm’s strategies and operations, i ncluded the HR policies. In order to understand the level at which the external environment can influence Sainsbury’s HR policies, it would be necessary to refer to the organization’s performance, as part of the UK grocery industry. Then, the firm’s HR strategy should be presented and compared with the external environment – which is analyzed using the SWOT analysis – aiming to show the key points of impact of the external environment on the HR policies of the organization. 2.1 Overview of the organization Sainsbury’s is one of the major competitors in the UK grocery industry. The firm’s employees have been estimated to 150,000; the firm was first established in 1869 and has now about 890 stores across Britain (Sainsbury’s, corporate website, 2011). The firm is part of the J Sainsbury plc, which activates in many industries, including the banking sector – through the Sainsbury’s bank (Sainsbury’s, corporate website, 2011). The performance of the firm in 2010 has been increased, achieving a profit of ?21,421m, while in 2009 the firm’s profits were estimated to ?20,383m; the specific fact is quite encouraging, taking into consideration the turbulences in the global market – due to the recession which has not been terminated – but also the strong competition in the British grocery industry. Of course, the level of increase of the firm’s profitability may be reduced compared to the past – see Graph 1, Appendix section where the performance of the firm for the third quarter of the years 2008, 2009 and 2010 is compared; in accordance with the above graph, the growth of sales of the firm in the third quarter of 2009 and 2010 may be reduced – compared to the third quarter of 2008 – but it is standardized at a particular level, at a percentage of 3.6%. 2.2 External environment analysis – SWOT analysis The impact of the external environmen t on the firm’s HR policies requires the presentation of the main elements of this environment; the SWOT analysis can be used for highlighting the key characteristics/ trends of the organization’s external environment and their impact on the firm’s HR policies. In the context of the SWOT analysis, the following elements

Monday, October 28, 2019

Ebara Balance Scorecard and Communication Plan Essay Example for Free

Ebara Balance Scorecard and Communication Plan Essay Ebara Technology Incorporated Component Division is a subsidiary of Ebara Corporation. Ebara Technology is known as a Research and Development focus company, whose main subject matter is on research and development for its business operations. Ebara will always campaign for research and development to increase added value to the product and over and above research and development related cost reduction and manufacturing technologies, toward improving it competitiveness and profitability, (RD – Ebara (n.d.)). Finance The financial perspective has the strategic objective in areas of the market shares, revenues and costs, profitability, and competitive position. On the financial viewpoint of the new F-REX 600 millimeter Chemical Mechanical Polishing System will increase the sales growth anywhere from 10% to 20%. This modification or enhancement will dictate the end results of decreasing in the cost, increase higher quality and speed, for a prompt response to customers’ needs. The operating cost will decrease anywhere from 15% to 25% for the reason that on common parts the volume will increase and with contracts already in place the forecast will go up and the price will go down. A small number of ideas turn out to be profitable for the reason of research and development, and pre-marketing costs of transforming a promising idea into a profitable product. Customer In the customer value perspective we want to look at how the customers see us in all these areas, customer retention or turnover, customer satisfaction and customer value. Our goal of retention rate is to recognize the turnover and to monitor the performance over time. â€Å"The main objective is not to be at zero, however to be at a position that is supporting our goals for  growth† (Customer Retention Strategy | Marketing MO. (n.d.)). Developing plans to increase customer loyalty and decrease turnover. Our company will set up meeting on a quarterly basis with customers with the agenda being directed at on-time delivery percent of sale from the new product, and feedback from the customers. On time delivery will be recorded and reviewed to communicate to our shareholders and employees. The company as a whole will be working with all current customers to maintain a goal 98% or better delivery performance. Feedback whether it is positive or negative from our customer is vital action for the growth of the company. Internal Business Process The internal business process is to construct a streamline process for the manufacturing process. Manufacturing objective is make sure they have create a useful and efficient process that will imposed check points at all operating locations. Paperwork will be turned in and the information is loaded into the database. The target is recorded and a weekly or monthly report is run. These reports are called Key Performance Indicator (KPI) or Key Success Indicator (KSI). â€Å"These reports are a set of quantifiable measures that the company or an industry uses to gauge or compare performance in team meeting of the strategic and operational goal† (Key Performance Indicators (KPI) Definition | Investopedia. (n.d.). These reports will be posted in all appropriate departments and meetings are set-up for discussion to talk about great performance or what we need to improve on. Learning and Growth The learning and growth of the company will depend widely on the knowledge and training of all employees. In order to achieve our vision production must be able to be ready for changes and the ability to improve. Our goal will be focus in two different areas; the first will be the production employees and the second will be document control. Our intention is for all managers and executives to keep and open communication with every employee in the company and all outsourcing suppliers of all pending and up and coming changes. Every employee and the outsourcing suppliers will go through a training program on how to build all areas of F-REX 600 millimeter Chemical Mechanical Polishing System.. Our aspiration would be to ensure  that each outside service and each and every in-house employee are trained and certified in their specified areas. Eventually we would want to see some cross-training in all the areas. On the Document Control side will also be following the same step listed above, but because changes will need to be made rapidly and some changes will need to be phased in. This department must be knowledgeable of all aspect of the Engineering Changes Notices and the Engineering Changes Orders. The goal for this department is to be conscious and mindful of Engineering Changes Orders and Engineering Changes Notices. The focus would be to make certain they have all signatures and it is approval through all levels. We will need to proceed by requiring training, cross training and certification of each of employees in this department. Conclusion The supposition of the balanced scorecard we covered all four areas: The financial side with building of the F-REX 600 millimeter Chemical Mechanical Polishing System we will be decreasing the cost, increase higher quality and speed, where the customer is getting their needs met. This proposal will bring profit because of the research and development, and pre-marketing cost changing ideas into a profitable product. Secondly on the customer perspective side, the goal is increase customers loyalty and always looking for ways to decrease the turnover rate. Customer satisfaction and customer value by encouraging face to face meeting to keep client/customers informed. The internal process is where we will find ways to improve the process. Key Performance Indicator will be set up in difference department so that each department knows how they are performing. And last is the learning and growth of the employees. We will focus on the production employees and Document Control . Training and c rossing training is a major area because of all the changes that will forthcoming. Document Control will be overwhelmed with countless changes and will need to be prime and ready for the surplus. References Customer Retention Strategy | Marketing MO. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.marketingmo.com/strategic-planning/customer-retention-strategy/ Key Performance Indicators (KPI) Definition | Investopedia. (n.d.). Retrieved October 16, 2014, from http://www.investopedia.com/terms/k/kpi.asp RD EBARA Global Website. (n.d.). Retrieved September 26, 2014, from http://www.ebara.com/global/en/company/rd.html

Saturday, October 26, 2019

Victoria Junior College :: Economics

Victoria Junior College In the period 1945-1973, the world economy underwent a period of exceptional growth in the following thirty years that had never been exceeded previously. Indeed, this â€Å"Golden Age† was differentiated from past economic booms by two main characteristics: dynamic and extensive economic growth. By dynamic, the expansion of the world economy made it a truly international economy, with countries trading with and depending on each other instead of the autarkic empires that had been the hallmark of previous generations. Extensive growth was seen in the world economy growing in the sense of the entire world and not by specific regions, for example, the previously Eurocentric economy of the Industrial Revolution. Yet the Golden Age, suddenly and swiftly, was replaced by what came to be known as the â€Å"Crisis Decades† in 1973, thus raising the question: was the Golden Age really an Age which could have lasted, with stable and secure foundations? To answer this question, we must look at three areas of study: the distribution of economic power during the Golden Age, the breakdown of the economic structures of the Golden Age, the factors which had contributed to the boom and the long-term social and political viability of economic growth in the post-war years. The main nation upon which the stability of the Golden Age rested was, of course, the US. At the end of the Second World War, of the five major pre-war industrial centres, (the US, Britain, Germany, Japan and the Soviet Union) only the US had remained largely untouched by the effects of total war. As such, the US felt that it was necessary, or even natural, that it should assume the economic, and by extension political, leadership of the world and guide it towards economic prosperity. Moreover, world economic prosperity was the only way that the US could continue its own economic growth – the loss of production necessitated by war meant that the US economy was facing a slowdown unless it could divert its surplus potential into channels outside the US – and that meant the world economy. George Kennan spelt out the American attitude when he wrote in 1948 that â€Å"[The US] has 50 per cent of the world's wealth, but only 6.3 per cent of its population. In this situation, our real job in the coming period is to devise a pattern of relationships which permit us to maintain this position of disparity.†[1] This attitude could already have been found earlier in the Bretton Woods Agreement, the system that could have been said to be responsible for the post-war economic boom. There, the US dominated all the major decisions and statues regarding the formation of

Thursday, October 24, 2019

A Lifetime of Student Debt? Not Likely by Robin Wilson

Nicole Minabe Professor Parker RWS 280 March 10, 2013 The Beauty of Student Loans I owe $40,000, I owe $60,000, I owe $100,000. Isn’t that a lot of money for one person to owe? Graduates have been faced with a serious problem brought about by the constant borrowing of money to gain a reputable education. The debt of loans varies from person to person but the extreme amounts that individuals owe is something the media finds worth gossiping about.Little does the public know, in reality, all the commotion and conversation about these debts are not accountable for the majority of college borrowers. According to A Lifetime of Student Debt? Not Likely by Robin Wilson, she intrigues her targeted college audience by giving examples and providing awareness that most individuals are paying back their students loans within a timely manner with just a few sacrifices. Wilson emphasizes that the real reason individuals have an outstanding debt is because â€Å"they are determined to attend their dream college, no matter the cost† (257).There are various reasons why students take out loans and Wilson is determined to clear up the confusion of student debt, she encourages college students to take out loans even with media’s negativity, and lastly she tries to enlighten this targeted college group that debts are repayable with additional sacrifices but in the end, that debt was the best decision they have ever made. The majority of individuals overhear media and see newspapers headlining the outrageous student loan stories. Is it going to be the careful story driven by the data, or is it going to be the headline that can scare people? † (258). The media will seek attention-grabbing news by focusing on a headline that will scare millions of individuals. According to a CNN report in 2006, â€Å"they called student loans A Life Sentence and said: Forget about getting married and buying a home. This generation is thinking about next month’s paymen t† (258). While the media blasts out these so-called facts circling around the nation, college students are being frightened by the idea that student loans endure a negative impact.Not only is the media spreading the word but also graduates who have student loan debts themselves. In other words, â€Å"a lawyer with $100,000 in education debt started a Facebook campaign urging the government to free us of our obligations to repay our out of control student loan debt† (256). Due to the nations unawareness, the actuality of student debt is coming out from hiding. Despite the large number of headlines or media emphasizing on outrageous student debt, there is a vast majority of graduates who have and can pay off their loans.As the prominent economist himself, Mr. McPherson states that, â€Å"there are 65% who face debt, the average they owe is around $20,000. That’s just below the starting price of a 2009 Ford Escape† (257). He is arguing that if a necessity su ch as a car has a starting price close to the average debt, graduates should reconsider and realize that their problems aren’t as substantial as one might believe. Many individuals are so astounded they create panic among themselves and others that make the idea of debt a larger issue than it really is.One of the causes for the outrageous debt is due to individuals borrowing an amount more than necessary. In A Lifetime of Student Debt? Not likely, Wilson states that, â€Å"about 8% of undergraduates borrow at least double the national average† (257). According to financial aid experts, â€Å"over borrowers† capture most of the media’s undying attention and frighten the targeted college audience to discourage them from taking out loans. An â€Å"over borrower† named Darla M. Horn, wanted to get far away from a small town in Texas and is trying to pay off her $80,000 undergraduate student loan.She states, â€Å"I could have gone to a public school i n Texas for less, but I wanted to go to New York and start a new life† (263). For instance, Darla wanted specific attributes when deciding on how to spend her money on her education system. But what she needed was guidance from an expert to better strengthen and to further understand the consequences of â€Å"over borrowing†. In Wilson’s example she believes that there should be no reason for â€Å"over borrowing† and the total cost of an education consisting of books, classes, and living expenses cost around the weighted average.Due to the biggest setback of students who are determined to go to the college of their dreams tends to put a hole in their wallet. In other words, Mark Kantrowitz, publisher of FinAid states, â€Å"students want to be able to pay for the school they have wanted to go to for as long as they can remember, and they are willing to do whatever it takes† (258). These college students unnecessarily pull out large sums of money, w hich consequentially result in an outrageous amount students realize they can’t afford to pay back.Furthermore, a second situation that causes large debts is going to graduate and professional schools. Those schooling debts are way more expensive than the typical undergraduate debt. As Wilson argues, â€Å"medical school graduates borrowed on average of $113,661. But this higher debt makes sense for people who earn degrees in law, business, and medicine because they are much more capable of landing high-paying jobs and paying off larger loans† (259). These situations are the exceptions to the average student loans, which get confused on a daily basis.Wilson isn’t trying to discourage students from going to graduate school, but she is informing individuals about the end results. She also emphasizes those students whom go onto higher education to be confident their job afterwards will be able to manage such high debt. Normally, in situations like these, graduates tend to score better paying jobs to counter this large sum of money owed. A number of economists have suggested that, â€Å"borrowing for any kind of higher education is a smart idea. College is a good investment, and most students take out too few loans, not too many† (260).On the one hand Patrick M. Callan, president of the National Center for Public Policy and Higher Education argues, â€Å"the only thing worse than borrowing, is not borrowing and not going to college at all† (260). It is highly encouraged that students do get a higher education and according to the Project on Student Debt, â€Å"many more students are borrowing now compared with a decade ago† (261). Due to the rising number of borrowers, the education systems are getting more expensive but individuals still see the importance of getting an education in which experts are fully emphasizing.Additionally, a third reason why people have such high debt is caused by the family’s religious in terests. â€Å"For families who believe deeply in the mission of a Christian college, this is a school they’ll spend any amount of money on. This will make a huge difference in my kid’s life that is beyond income, more so whether their kid is going to go to church on Sundays or whether they will raise their own kids in the church† (266). The parent’s values are a crucial deciding factor when allowing their children to attend schools.Wilson decides to emphasize on this topic because parents who have set ethics for their son or daughter justifies an idea that they have to follow even if it might be an expensive option. The previous situations of those individuals who have enormous debt, higher than the average borrower, leads academic advisors to convey awareness on borrowing only what is necessary. According to a academic advisor, Mr. Saleh, â€Å"we can advise students about what we think is right, and we will caution students but if they have the legal ability to borrow the money, we cant prevent that from happening† (265).Some universities are also helping to take action to gain more awareness such as, â€Å"New York University has begun contacting high-school seniors it has admitted to make sure they understand the debt lad they could incur if the enroll† (265). Even with these extreme debt outliers, there are a lot of individuals that are able to create a living and make the best of their situation. As Robert A. Sevier VP at Stamats Inc. states, â€Å"they are graduating from college with $20,000 in debt; they are going to graduate school, getting jobs, and buying homes within their means† (266).An out of state graduate from Bryan College had a student debt of $30,000. Due to this debt, Robert has to make some sacrifices such as driving a beat up car and not buying the biggest or best house on the block. But even with these set backs, Robert and his wife are still able to get by. He states, â€Å"we definit ely have been able to live like normal people, we have satellite TV, Internet, and we both have cellphones† (266). Robert knows he could of went to a different college in his state but he felt that the lessons taught at Bryan College wouldn’t be lessons he could not have learned from another university.When it comes to entertainment or weekend activities, â€Å"the couple usually rents movies for $1 and visit their families who live nearby† (268). Robert is content about his selection of going to an out of state college but he has to make a few adjustments to his present life. Another individual, Sara who graduated from University of Iowa has a student loan debt of $23,000. The sacrifices she makes is, â€Å"every weekday her and her husband take their 9 month old bay to the babysitters house, drops Sara off at her office, and then the husband drives himself to his own office† (268).Due to the student loans, Sara â€Å"sacrifices and limits themselves to only having one car, didn’t buy the most expensive house, continues to breast feed their baby, use cloth diapers, and on weekends they get together over potluck dinners with other couples† (269). But in the end, Sara thinks every dime she spent on her education was worth it. She was also smart enough to not borrow more than she could reasonably pay back, knowing her intended major.Sara claims, â€Å"I have a car, a house, a baby, and I’ve been able to move forward with my life† (269). If Sara and her husband wanted anything more expensive, the couple would be able to save up for more luxurious items. Since Sara became â€Å"borrowing literate†, she will pass on that knowledge to her daughter so she can start saving at a young age to lower the cost of potential debt. In conclusion, Wilson portrays an analysis for raising certain debt issues and uncovers individuals with counter examples to support her argument.She uses this argumentative diction thro ughout her entire short story to resolve the current confusion her targeted audience experienced and emphasizes the importance of borrowing even if it causes debt. Also, the way she structures her story starts off with the problem statement about the confusion of student loans, the negativity that media portrays on debts, and lastly the personal stories to counter the argument to accentuate that graduates can still partake in a normal life with subtle scarifies where they say debt was the best decision they have ever made.Wilson decided to structure her story in a way to exercise her expertise so the target audience understands the big picture. Additionally, Wilson is warning those individuals who attend a more expensive college, to be aware of the costs entailed and know future sacrifices will follow. The education system is continually growing in expenses and she fully emphasizes to not fall into the trap of becoming an â€Å"over borrower. † Works Cited Graff, Gerald, Cath y Birkenstein, and Russel Durst. â€Å"They Say, I Say†: The Moves That Matter in Academic Writing : With Readings. New York: Norton, 2012. Print.

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

Nature of Relationship between Edward II and Graveston and its effects Essay

Marlowe’s Edward II is marked with the thematic expressions of correlation between status and sodomy. Sodomy affects status in the play at multiple level and status influences sodomy in various ways. In the play, Marlowe takes into accounts the story of Edward II, whose homoeroticism takes primacy over his political stature and socio-cultural commitments. He ultimately pays back for his criminality and sins through constant torments and afflictions and play culminates on his tragic death. As far as sodomitical relations remains apolitical, there is no public castigation or disapproval of this affair, but it becomes a cause of tension when it is transformed into a political associations with political objectives. Marlowe portrays Edward’s homoerotic love and affiliation with his underling Piers Gaveston. Play opens with following lines where Edward openly expresses his homoeroticism; â€Å"Sweet prince, I come. These, these thy amorous lines/ Might have enforced me to have swum from France,/ And, like Leander, gasped upon the sand,/ So thou wouldst smile and take me in thy arms. † (1. 1. 34) King Edward claims that he would give in his entire kingdom to only keep a â€Å"nook or corner† where he and Graveston could â€Å"frolic† is an ultimate manifestation of his love for Gaveston. (1. 4. 72-3). This further discloses that King is not much interested in his political obligations and responsibilities and his mind is captivated by the thoughts of homoeroticism and Graveston. Spencer Jr. is another character on whom King bestows his affections for the same reason of erotic love. Edward often calls Spencer with the titles of â€Å"sweet†. For example on one occasion he says; â€Å"Spencer, sweet Spencer, I adopt thee here†(3. 1. 144), repeat on another occasion; â€Å"Spencer, ah, sweet Spencer, thus then must we part? † (4. 7. 72) and again says; â€Å"Part we must, / Sweet Spencer† (4. 7. 94-5). Rutkoski says in this regard; â€Å"Edward calls the former â€Å"Good Piers of Gaveston, my sweet favorite† and indeed favors Gaveston to the extent that the king denies any distinction between him and his lover (III. iii. 8). To â€Å"manifest [his] love,† Edward offers Spencer Jr. a largess of crowns and promises, â€Å"daily [we] will enrich thee with our favor, / That, as the sunshine, shall reflect o’er thee† (III. i. 52, 50-1). Until the prince’s first entrance in act III, scene i–an entrance that hovers near the center of the play, as if the boy represents the heart of it–there is only one, rather colorless, mention of his existence. † But that love does not restrict to the private corridors of the palace but is manifested in the form of bestowing high status to Graveston. Edward makes him â€Å"Lord High Chamberlain, Earl of Cornwall, King and Lord of Man†. Additionally, there are various outcrop of this political recognition of homoerotic affairs. On one side Graveston longs for greater admiration, respect and acknowledgment of his status and hankers after various measures o gather supremacy among the noble ranks. On the other hand Edward craves for an official demand for public recognition of his sodomitical love for Graveston and sanctified by the nobles and lords. To further his purpose Graveston sow the seeds of ill-wishes in the mind of Edward against nobles. For example Graveston explicitly criticize nobles during his second meeting with the King. His major concern is that although he is close associate and darling of king, nobles does not entertain him with respect and does not recognize his political position. He says to King: â€Å"Base leaden earls that glory in your birth,/Go sit at home and eat your tenants’ beef,/ And come not here to scoff at Gaveston,/ Whose mounting thoughts did never creep so low/ As to bestow a look on such as you. † (2. 2. 74-8) Initially nobility has no objection to the sodomitical affairs of the king. Instead nobility endorses it in one way or the other. For example Mortimer Senior’s not only approves of Edward’s homosexuality but also defend it by citing historical examples of royalty indulgence in homoerotic activities. He says in his speech: â€Å"The mightiest kings have had their minions:/ Great Alexander loved Hephestion;/ The conquering Hercules for Hylas wept;/ And for Patroclus stern Achilles drooped. / And not kings only, but the wisest men:/ The Roman Tully loved Octavius,/ Grave Socrates, wild Alcibiades. † (1. 4. 390-6) This example clearly manifest an admiration of homosexuality as great people remained indulged in this practice. So nobility does not challenge homoeroticism of Edward on the premises of it religious attributions i. e. something related to sin. Following this premise, Mortimer Junior is of the view that King’s â€Å"wanton humour grieves not me† (1. 4. 401); So there is no concern about his bad habitual formation and tendencies as long as it remains private and apolitical. Ellenzweig has summed up the main cause of nobility’s anger against Graveston: â€Å"Everyone else–the anti-Gaveston faction at court, Church representatives, and Queen Isabella herself–are too driven by self-interest to find in Gaveston’s rise anything but threats to their own status. And within the terms of the play, if perhaps not the historical record, the anti-Gavestons are traitorous to their king: they seek not only to thwart Edward’s love, but ultimately, in the sexual-power alliance of Mortimer and Isabella, to overthrow their rightful sovereign. † It is obvious that defiance of nobility and lords does not stem from Edward indulgence in homoerotic amorous affairs but the public recognition of Graveston and his placement at higher stature in the court. Openness of this affair to public and recognition of Graveston new status is not only shocking for the nobility but is offensive to them as a minion with low moral qualities is made Chamberlain. So relationship thus is not restricted to sexual capacity only but is transformed into a political association. Marlowe has beautifully disclosed the varying nature of relationship as he discloses that private becomes public and sexual becomes political. But elemental nobility does not want to recognize him more than a sodomite. They not only disapprove political recognition of Graveston by the king but also challenges it whenever they find a chance. For example, Lancaster asks king about permission to Graveston to sit with people f ranks in the court: â€Å"why do you thus incense your peers. / That naturally would love and honour you / But for that base and obscure Gaveston? † (1. 1. 98-100). So political recognition is unacceptable to lords and they start defying by a series of flare-ups and trivial squabbles. It seems that for Gaveston’s, the basic objective this sodomitical relations is not gratification of erotic desires but he utilize his sexuality to promote his political aims and to gain an upward mobility. So he does not let king go away from his shackles. He skillfully employs his sexual dexterities. This tension between his spell-bound effect on Edward in order to further his political goals and nobility’s defiance of his political recognition and growing influence in the corridors of power finally lead to establishment of some troublemaking elements. Edward II disinterest in the political affairs further causes misgovernance that ultimate culminates in the insurgency by the nobility. Such was the captivation of Graveston that after his detainment, Edward does not recognize the reality of the situation but says; â€Å"Ah, Spencer, not the riches of my realm/ Can ransom [Gaveston]! Ah, he is mark’d to die. / I know the malice of the younger Mortimer. † (3. 1. 3-5) There is another manifestation of this homoeroticism on the familial relationships. Edward’s relation with his wife and son is marred by excessive love for Graveston and Spencer Jr. Queen grumble against Edward’s inattention to her and Edward Junior and warns the king to leave to France with her son: â€Å"If [King Edward] be strange and not regard my words,/ My son and I will over into France,/ And to the King, my brother, there complain. † (2. 4. 64-6) Rutkoski says in this regard that â€Å"Prince Edward’s potential to be loved by his father is eclipsed during the first several acts by the play’s focus on Gaveston and Spencer Jr. † Rutkoski further elaborates that Edward Jr. is only able to mark his presence due to the death of Graveston. So inattention and lack of paternal affection was his fate till the death of Graveston. He further says that â€Å"When Prince Edward physically appears on the stage in act III, scene i, Gaveston has been killed and Spencer Jr. is well on his way to replacing him, though without evoking the marked eroticism that characterized Edward and Gaveston’s king-minion relationship. † The low status of Graveston is challenged at every instant in the play and it creates the main dramatic tension in the play. The two most frequently used phrases in the play are against Graveston’s low status i. e. â€Å"low† and minion†. This main dramatic tension culminates in class ambitiousness that activates forces on both sides. The established nobility does not want an alien of low status to be among them and Graveston’s political ambitions forces him to take every measure to get a higher place among nobility. This saga finally ends with the execution of Graveston but Edward’s politics of sodomitical relationship does not end here as Marlowe places Spencer Jr. and same patterns of relationships are replicated again. Spencer Jr is subjected to the same ridicule e. g. â€Å"a putrifying branch / That deads the royal vine† (3. 1. 162-3). However some critics are of the view that Edward relation with Spencer Jr. was devoid of homoerotic connotations. Charlton is of the view that sexual passion only existed between Edward and Gaveston, â€Å"but for the most part Edward’s favourites [Spencer and Baldock] are presented, as in Raphael Holinshed, only as the objects of infatuated friendship†. ( p. 29) Whatever is the nature of relationship between Edward and Spencer Jr. it must be kept in mind that this gives a new life to rebelliousness of the nobles against Edward II after the execution of Graveston. The whole affair ends with degradation of the king and finally his execution. Above-mentioned arguments and supporting evidence clearly manifest that Graveston’s homoerotic relation with Edward was of political nature as Graveston utilized it to promote his political aims. This produced defiance among the nobility that rebelled against him due to his underserved grant of higher status to Graveston. Calmness prevailed until this relation was out of the spheres of politics and corridors of powers. Works Cite d Gregory W. Bredbeck, Sodomy and Interpretation: Marlowe to Milton (Ithaca and London: Cornell Univ. Press, 1991.Edward II, ed. Charlton and R. D. Waller, The Works and Life of Christopher Marlowe. London: Methuen, 1933. Ellenzweig, Allen. â€Å"The Marlowe in Edward II. (Christopher Marlowe)(Critical essay). .† The Gay & Lesbian Review Worldwide. 15. 2 (March-April 2008): 12(3). General OneFile. Gale. Apollo Library. 3 Sept. 2008 . Rutkoski, Marie. â€Å"Breeching the boy in Marlowe’s Edward II. † Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900. 46. 2 (Spring 2006): 281(24). General OneFile. Gale. Apollo Library. 3 Sept. 2008. .